How Wasps Build Their Nests From Wood

How Wasps Build Their Nests From Wood Paper wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets all make paper nests, though the size, shape, and location of their nests differ. Paper wasps build umbrella-shaped nests suspended underneath eaves and overhangs. Bald-faced hornets construct large, football-shaped nests. Yellowjackets make their nests underground. Regardless of where a wasp builds its nest or what shape the nest is,  the process wasps use to construct their nests is generally the same. Turning Wood Into Paper Wasps are expert paper makers, capable of turning raw wood into sturdy paper homes. A wasp queen uses her mandibles to scrape bits of wood fiber from fences, logs, or even cardboard. She then breaks the wood fibers down in her mouth, using saliva and water to weaken them. The wasp flies to her chosen nest site with a mouth full of soft paper pulp. Construction begins with finding a suitable support for the nest – a window shutter, a tree branch, or a root in the case of subterranean nests. Once she has settled on a suitable location, the queen adds her pulp to the surface of the support. As the wet cellulose fibers dry, they become a strong paper buttress from which she will suspend her nest. The nest itself is comprised of hexagonal cells in which the young will develop. The queen protects the brood cells by building a paper envelope, or cover, around them. The nest expands as the colony grows in number, with new generations of workers constructing new cells as needed. Old wasp nests degrade naturally over the winter months, so each spring new ones must be constructed. Wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets dont overwinter. Only the mated queens hibernate during the cold months, and these queens choose the nesting sites and begin the nest building process in spring. Which Wasps Make Nests? The wasp nests we frequently encounter are made by wasps in the family Vespidae. Vespid wasps that construct paper nests include paper wasps (Polistes spp.) and yellowjackets (both  Vespula  spp. and  Dolichovespula  spp.). Although we commonly refer to them as hornets, bald-faced hornets are not true hornets (which are classified in the genus  Vespa). Bald-faced hornets, Dolichovespula maculata, are actually yellowjackets. Controlling Wasps Nests Although paper wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets can and will sting if threatened, that doesnt mean you need to destroy every nest you find.  In many cases, you can leave the nests alone. If a family member has a venom allergy, thats certainly a legitimate reason for concern and measures should be taken to minimize the risk of a potentially lethal sting. If wasps located their nest in close proximity to or on a play structure, that can be a concern as well. Use your judgment, but dont assume every wasp nest will put you at risk of being stung. Why should you let a colony of stinging wasps live in your yard? Nest-making social wasps are largely beneficial insects. Paper wasps and bald-faced hornets prey on other insects and play an important role in controlling plant pests. If you eliminate these wasps entirely, you may give garden and landscape pests free reign to destroy your prized ornamentals and vegetables. Many yellowjackets are also entirely predatory and therefore beneficial, but there are a few species that scavenge on carrion or dead insects and also forage on sugars. These are the wasps that cause us trouble because theyll gladly sip your soda and then sting you when you try to swat them away. If scavenging yellowjackets are a problem in your yard, then it might be worth taking measures to prevent wasps from establishing nests.  Problem wasps include: western yellowjackets (Vespula pensylvanica)eastern yellowjackets (Vespula maculifrons)common yellowjackets (Vespula vulgaris)southern yellowjackets (Vespula squamosa)German yellowjackets (Vespula germanica) - introduced to North America Resources and Further Reading Cranshaw, Whitney, and Richard Redak. Bugs Rule!: an Introduction to the World of Insects. Princeton University, 2013.Gullan, P. J., and P. S. Cranston. The Insects: an Outline of Entomology. 4th ed., Wiley Blackwell, 2010.Jacobs, Steve. â€Å"Baldfaced Hornet.† Department of Entomology (Penn State University), Pennsylvania State University, Feb. 2015.

Understanding the Cash Nexus in History and Today

Understanding the Cash Nexus in History and Today Cash nexus is a phrase that refers to  the depersonalized relationship that exists between employers and employees in a capitalist society. It was coined by Thomas Carlyle, a nineteenth-century Scottish historian, but is often erroneously attributed to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was, however, Marx and Engels who popularized the concept in their writings and fueled use of the phrase within the fields of political economy and sociology. Overview Cash nexus is a phrase and concept that became associated with the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels because it perfectly encapsulates their thinking about the alienating nature of the relations of production within a capitalist economy. While Marx critiqued the social and political impacts of capitalism at length in all of his works, in particular in  Capital, Volume 1, it is within  The Communist Manifesto  (1848), jointly written by Marx and Engels, that one finds the most referenced passage relating to term. The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his â€Å"natural superiors†, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous â€Å"cash payment†. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious  fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom – Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. A nexus, simply put, is a connection between things. In the passage quoted above, Marx and Engels argue that in the interest of profit, the bourgeoisiethe ruling class during the epoch of classical capitalismhad stripped away any and all connections between people except for cash payment. What they refer to here is the commodification of labor, whereby the labor of workers is effectively sold and bold on the capitalist market. Marx and Engels suggested that the commodification of labor makes workers interchangeable, and leads to workers being viewed as things rather than people. This condition further leads to commodity fetishism, wherein relations between peopleworkers and employersare viewed and understood as between thingsmoney and labor. In other words, the cash nexus has a dehumanizing power. This mindset on the part of the bourgeoisie, or among todays managers, owners, CEOs, and shareholders is a dangerous and destructive one that fosters the extreme exploitation of workers in the pursuit of profit across all industries, locally and around the world. The Cash Nexus Today The effect of the cash nexus on the lives of workers around the world has only intensified in the more than a hundred years since Marx and Engels wrote about this phenomenon. This has happened because controls on the capitalist market, including protections for workers, have been progressively dismantled since the 1960s. The removal of national barriers to relations of production which ushered in global capitalism was and continues to be disastrous for workers. Workers in the U.S. and other Western nations saw production jobs disappear because corporations were freed to pursue cheaper labor overseas. And beyond the Western world, in places like China, Southeast Asia, and India, where most of our goods are made, workers are forced to accept poverty-level wages and dangerous working conditions because, like commodities, those who run the system view them as easily replaceable. The conditions faced by workers throughout Apples supply chain are a case-in-point. Though the company preaches values of progress and togetherness, it is ultimately the cash nexus that determines its impact on workers of the world. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

N Health Care or Oil and Gas that has greater relevance to the Houston Research Paper

N Health Care or Oil and Gas that has greater relevance to the Houston economy - Research Paper Example The Department of Health and Human Services in Houston is charged with the duty of working with health care providers plus the community with the intention of promoting good health and improving health services offered to citizens (Nathan, 2009). There are a number of duties that the health department is charged with. Examples of the roles include implementation of programs intended to reduce the prevalence and effect of varied communicable diseases like Swine flu and HIV, keeping track of the environmental conditions like air quality and overseeing animal control and inspecting food establishments and local restaurants to make sure that no health threats are introduced to the lives of the dinners. To operate a food service establishment, a permit would be required of the food dealers. A permit would be given to a food establishment only after it meets every requirement that has been set by Houston food ordinance. There are educational services offered to help managers or workers create and maintain safer food service operations. The services also help the workers comply with Houston food ordinance-set requirements. Education pertaining to food safety is provided using a number of ways. One way in of carrying out the exercise is the condition requiring that every manager attends classes then passes a written test centered on food safety prior to certification as a food service manager. The remaining section of the paper focuses on a detailed analysis and recommendations of appropriate mitigation techniques applicable on the risks that a project manager overseeing the execution of the E- Learning software project has to contend with Apart from roles like project planning and communication, project managers are also charged with the duty of risk management. Risks management in software projects entails identification, quantification and management of risks (Wysocki, 2013). Every project features some amount of risk. For instance, a project meant

Single mothers and children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Single mothers and children - Essay Example The homeless women and their families are exposed to deplorable living standards that sometimes may be described as inhumane and unworthy of human habitation. Polakow, in her book, succinctly captures this view when she says that, â€Å"This necessitates the decoding of our own myths of democracy and enlightened progress as one out of four infants, one out of five children, and one out of four single mothers already live in destitution, and as thousands more stand on the edge of a landscape that condemns, like young Oliver Twists, to their proper stations† (Polakow, 1994, pp. 3-4). The question that then presents itself is; why single mothers and children? The population of homeless women continues to rise every year, particularly the number of single homeless women. Many scholars have been quick to point out that the rising numbers of homeless single women represents the feminization of poverty across the globe (Rosenheck, Bassuk, and Salomon, 2010, p. 1). Many of the exceptionally destitute women have limited, job skills, earning power and education, and are beleaguered by childcare duties. In families where the woman is the head of the family, it is quite common to find that they are poorer than two-parent families because of the existence of a single income and the cost of bringing up a child. These facts only serve to prove that poor women do not have a chance in the contemporary labor market, which is primarily planned to support two-parent families with male breadwinners (Rosenheck, Bassuk, & Salomon, 2010, p.1). This leaves the single mother with no option but to seek additional income, failure of which results in the inabilit y to provide. This ultimately has the effect of forcing such women to seek accommodations in shelters resulting to an increase in the number of homeless people. The increasing numbers of homeless children may be directed attributed to child abandonment either by parents who cannot be able to provide for their needs, or by death

Hispanics In Governme Gs-13 And Above Essay Example for Free

Hispanics In Governme Gs-13 And Above Essay The federal government is the largest employer in the nation and does not only have the responsibility of serving all segments of society, it also has the added responsibility of treating the Federal employees who come from the various segments of the society in a fair and unbiased manner. In order to oversee such a process is implemented fairly, without any bias, there are boards such as the U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) in place and are required by the federal government to make periodical assessment, in order to ascertain the employees of the federal government are treated equitably. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 stipulates that merit should be the cornerstone of evaluating every employee, where the federal government should recruit and promote employees according to their ability, knowledge, and skills they acquired. Another point that is highlighted here is discrimination of any kind and preferential treatment should not be part of the procedure of any of the federal agencies are using in hiring, training, advancing, and retaining employees who could originate from the various segments of society. There had been instances of discriminatory practices in the employment scene in this century that makes it permissible to claim that there had been a negative impact on the representation of minorities in the workforce in proportion to their number. Starting from the year 1978, the employment statistics reveals that there was advancement, as far as the employment status of minorities was concerned. Especially, at the higher grade levels, as well as at administrative positions the area this paper is studying, the promotional process treats everyone, more or less, the same. Yet, it is difficult to say that minorities including Hispanics have attained an equal status with their counterparts the non-minorities despite their equal education level, experience, and according to various merits that are measurable. What this means is the employment and the advancement process is not yet completely free of bias when considering what takes place among the various minority groups and the non-minority groups. The MSAP board had conducted a survey where it claimed to find out that many employees from the minority ethnic groups believe that they had been discriminated and this outlook might be true as the non-minorities who were surveyed had also admitted that there is still some discrimination based either on sex, race, or color used as a determining factor when it comes who to hire, train, advance, or retain, revealing that it is not yet a plain level field for everyone (Morrison, 1992). The statistics, however, shows that there had been some advancement attained in all segments, including the higher grade levels. This paper will present the statistical findings of the stands the Hispanics have in comparison with the other ethnic groups in the nation, especially at the higher GS-13 level and above in proportion to their participation in the overall federal workforce. Chapter I Introduction What is possible to observe in today’s workplace in the U. S. is diversity management is bringing in more Hispanics into the Intelligence Community, although the number of Hispanics in upper management, GS-13 and above might not be representative of the percentage of Hispanics in the workforce. That could be the case even if the civilian workforce in the U. S. could surpass two million. In light of that this research paper will try to find out what the reality is, as there are conflicting findings that are emulating to show why the number of Hispanics in GS-13 and above might not be representative of their number in the federal workforce. It had been a while back, at least several decades since the federal government had started to be fair and equitable in its hiring process, so that what takes place will be representative of the reality, where national origin, race, or sex will not be the cornerstone of the hiring practice. The fact that minorities have become a larger proportion of the workforce that makes up the federal government employees has attested this fact. There is documentation that reveals women used to encounter special barriers in their effort to attain advancement, in spite of their qualification, an area where the other minorities were also suffering from the same fate. Awards and important assignments were skipping them simply because they were member of any of the minority groups that includes African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. The Hispanic population has to compete with these groups fairly and equitably so that their stand should be clearly established and to enable the evaluation of whether the Hispanics are getting what they deserver according to the proportion of their number in the federal workforce. One good source where to see what kind of discriminatory practices had been taking place is to look at ongoing protests and lawsuits claiming that some kind of disparate treatment had taken place. One such finding was a government survey made in 1992 where 34 percent of African Americans, 30 percent of Asians of the Pacific region, 19 percent of members of the Hispanic community, and 11 percent Native Americans had claimed that they had experienced discrimination at various degree, where they had either been denied jobs, promotions, or benefits that go with jobs because of their race. This could be true because of the fact that it is recently the government had declared that it had become an equal opportunity employer that demonstrates it was not a leader in that endeavor earlier. What brought about a statuary protection for minorities was due to the enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. The Act had enabled the government to keep its own house in order, simply because it is the largest employer in the nation. President Nixon’s government had come up with the â€Å"Sixteen Point Program† designed to avail equal opportunity participation for the Hispanic population. Among the efforts introduced, there was intensified job recruitment in the Southwestern U. S. , at metropolitan cities where there is high Hispanic concentration, and colleges where there is a large Hispanic enrolment. There was also effort to reach out in communities where there is a concentration of Spanish speaking population and publicize the availability of federal employments. In addition, there were programs intended to enable Hispanic students to stay in school longer, as well as the establishing of special hiring authorities that will tend for the need of the Hispanic population. The focus had been the recruiting and the upward mobility of the Hispanic workforce once they are under the federal employment. In the year 2000 President Clinton had also come up with an executive order similar to the 16-point plan and this one was OPS’ 9-point plan whose goal was to eliminate barriers that prevent the recruitment of Hispanics into the workforce, as well as to promote them in the managerial and leadership programs. Another Act passed in 1978 was the Civil Reform Act whose claimed policy was to make certain that the federal workforce would reflect the nation’s diversity. What this would introduce in the nation’s workforce arena is the prevalence of a diverse civil service that could be made up of divergent outlooks, possibly accompanied by diverse skills and talents that will put it in a position to handle various problems that come into existence and originate from various groups better (Thomas, 1996). In addition, when there is a diverse workforce in place it is possible to share the social responsibilities equitably making the various policies the government comes up with widely acceptable. Similarly, when the government avails any kind of the various services, such as health care, education, housing etc. the perception would be every member of the society was part of the consideration applied in the process of the decision-making. In the absence of a representative workforce, it will be difficult to instill a positive social conduct on the overall society, in such a way that a particular segment of the society could feel that it is not included fairly in what is accruing and it is possible that the youth could be discouraged when it comes to investing in education or other requirements that will qualify them for federal jobs. If such a practice persists it is possible to introduce in the society a cycle of exclusion where the outcome could be more costly, where adhering to the rules and regulations could also suffer deterioration. The other key point that will bring what this paper is researching on into light is taking the mentioned measures alone where offering equal employment opportunity only is not enough. In order to make it effective there is a need to introduce similar equal opportunity in the training, retaining, and advancing employees who originate from the minority groups. In order to arrive at what is happening in the highest and more influential positions such as GS-13 and above, it is important to look at those who should be allowed to advance into such positions should have to pass through. Because as some of the statistics highlights, there has to be some level of service and experience in place before anyone attains those higher positions. It is also important to examine the hiring procedure in the nation since it is complicated. The age structure of those who are on supervisory and managerial position reveals that there are various factors that would have to come together in order for them to make it to such level, such as the individuals should have been at a particular line of work or other similar work arrangements for at least 20 years before achieving the higher position, as those who are attaining those positions are mostly above 45 years age, where most mangers are between 50 and 54. Hence, there should have been various preparation phases that require surpassing in order to make it to the higher levels. One other point to raise there are exceptions where in the administration and profession job classification it is possible to be hired at the higher level of GS-13 and above, but the requirement would be very stringent as those who are hired for such positions would become supervisors or managers from the outset.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I want to say CONGRATULATIONS to the class of 2012. I greatly appreciate sharing my journey with you. I believe the greater the difficulty, the greater the glory and the glory is what we celebrate tonight. When I was first asked to speak in front of the graduation committee, I said to myself, "I can't do this", "what do I have to say anyway", "I don't have time", "I'm in the middle of midterms" and "it's just something else I have to prepare for." After pondering over all these "excuses," I'm here and I have an answer to my own questions. The reason I'm here is because my achievements are much greater than me. I owe most of my success to the faculty, staff, and students of Shelton Community College. I need to show my gratitude and appreciation to those who helped me get on this stage tonight, something I never thought was possible. Let me explain why. I was born and raised in Southern California in a difficult area, where going to school was not a priority. My high school was composed of gang violence and drive-by shootings. In addition, I was living in an environment where people abused themselves, as well as others. People around me were selling drugs, using drugs, involved in gangs, and dropping out of school. Most of my high school girlfriends were getting pregnant and working the welfare system to make a living. That was what my life was like, then. I first visited Washington state in the summer of '93, at the age of 15. I didn't realize it then, but that visit opened my eyes to what was possible and gave me hope for the future. I settled in Shelton for the summer and joined the STAR program through Shelton High School. I was to go to summer school from 8 a.m. to noon and do a work assignment from 1-4 p.m. Can... ... possible for us to have a dream and has impacted us in many ways. I know we will always remember SCC as a home, a life, and a future, all in one campus. You provided us a quality education in an atmosphere that has encouraged all of us to achieve our educational goals. We are now life-long learners, responsible members of our communities, and are proud citizens of a rapidly changing world. You have provided us an equal access to educational opportunities, maintained high standards of excellence, and promoted a sense of campus community. Therefore, I APPLAUD Shelton Community College for successfully fulfilling its mission with the class of 2006. Go celebrate tonight! Spend time with your families and show them your appreciation. Please remember that yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, today is a gift, and that's why it's called the present. Dream big!

Walmart vs Amazon

Oder winner and qualifiers â€Å"Today there are over 4,000 Walmart Stores in the U. S. and over 3,000 internationally. † In other side, Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer. so both of them must be covering the elements of business quite well. There are several aspects that I want to talk how they win orders from customers. First, both of them have a low price of their products. Second, they have fantastic quality management and customer services. Finally, their deliveries are satisfied by customers. First, both of them have a low price of their products. Wal-mart gives an advertisement that said â€Å"Low Prices.Every Day. Everywhere. † Wal-mart has focused on low cost leadership, low operation and production costs in order to ensure that each produce has the lowest possible price. Therefore, in customers mind, they will think Wal-mart equals to the lowest prices. There is a disadvantage of Wal-mart. If Wal-mart cannot provide the lowest price one day, then customers will be no need to shop at Wal-mart. For Amazon, its strategies of low price are totally different from Wal-mart. Customers can get the lowest price of products from Amazon because customers can compete with Amazon on Amazon.It means there are multiple prices for a product on Amazon. Then, you can find the lowest price. In addition, sometimes, Amazon will provide some price polices. For example, if customers bought products from Amazon. Then the price drops. Customers can get some refund from Amazon. Also, if customers buy products very often, they can be Amazon’s prime. Customers should pay about seventy dollars per year. Then, they can get cheaper price of the product compare with general customers. Moreover, customers can get free shipping or shipping in a shorter time of some products. Furthermore, customers can shop through using Amazon credit card.They can â€Å"get 3% back on anything they buy from Amazon, 2% back at gas   stations, restaurants, and drug stores, and 1% back on anything from any other retailer. † Second, they have fantastic quality management and customer services. Wal-mart has a strong focus on better quality. It worked with several hundred suppliers and products testing facilities. They will â€Å"test more than 5,250 products to ensure great value quality is equal to or better; conduct more than 2,700 consumers to compare the flavor, aroma, texture, color, and appearance of great value products; Change the formulas for 750 items including: breakfast ereal, cookies, yogurt, laundry detergent, and paper towels; and Introduce more than 80 new products, such as: thin crust pizza, fat free caramel swirl ice cream, strawberry yogurt, organic cage-free eggs, double stuffed sandwich cookies, teriyaki beef jerky and more, all at unbeatable prices. † From Amazon, it has customer product review under each product, so customers can see what other customers thought. They will know the product quality is good or bad. Then, they will decide whether they will buy it or not. Furthermore, it is very easy to return products to Amazon. Finally, their deliveries are satisfied by customers.Walmart can deliver product to your door, and the product price is the same as in store. From Amazon, as I mentioned before, customers can be the Amazon prime. Then, they can get free shipping or shipping in a shorter time. In additional, Amazon does international shipping. It is very convenient for international students. Furthermore, it can guarantee accelerated delivery. â€Å"Amazon. com offers Guaranteed Accelerated Delivery dates on select items when you choose Express shipping. If your order doesn’t arrive by the Guaranteed Accelerated Delivery date, your shipping charges will automatically be refunded. †

U.S. Economy in the 19th Century

Peter Hart History 1:00-1:50 U. S. Economy in the 19th Century The Industrial Revolution first took place in Britain where it spread like wild fire. Eventually it made its way to America in the late 1800’s to the 19th century where it would eventually change America in every aspect. The American Revolution began because of a single British man named Samuel Slater who brought over manufacturing technologies. The creation of the cotton gin by Slater would soon be the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution brought many new ideas and inventions that made the economy boom. The North would be the first to start the Industrial Revolution while the South stayed true to their old ways; agriculture. The effects of the Industrial Revolution put a strain on both the South and the North. On top of all of this, many changes were being made in this time period such as transportation, manufacturing, and communications. All of these changes transformed the daily lives of Americans as much as it did as any other historical event that has happened in history.Because of this major event, many effects were being taken place; Unions, working conditions and labor itself were accounted for the changes in the 19th century. The North started out as a commercial industry where trading and selling was a big part of American life. Before the Industrial Revolution hit America, people made all of their goods/products in their homes. Factories weren’t that prominent in the North until the Industrial Revolution came by. Technological advancements were nowhere to be found because they were used to making everything at home by hand.The South was farther behind in innovations than the North itself. They were strictly agricultural and farming. In due time though, a man named Samuel Slater brought over new manufacturing technologies from Britain to the United States where it would start the Industrial Revolution. From there, many more inventions were created such as the steamboat by Robert Fulton which marked the beginning in technological innovations. This invention would make transportation of goods and services quicker and more effectively. Another invention during this time period was the telegraph. The telegraph was reated by Samuel Morse. This invention was created in 1837 which allowed America to send messages to international countries all around the world. The new inventions being created in America would lead America in a direction of prosperity and a dominant force in production and at the same time agricultural ways. America would eventually emerge as the center of industry and agricultural in the late 19th century. As an effect of the Industrial revolution, population tripled, farming doubled in the amount of work due to technological inventions such as the steel plow by John Deere.This invention allowed farmers to plow fields faster and plow more fields without having to change the iron plow every time they uproot the grou nd. Due to this invention, more workers were needed to harvest the crops when the time came. Fortunately, a certain invention was made that helped the harvesting process go quicker and more efficiently. This invention was known as the reaper which was made in 1831 by Cyrus McCormick. Certain inventions helped working production go a lot faster than it was before the Industrial Revolution started. The U. S.Patent Office had a record of 276 inventions during the 1790’s, during the 1890’s a record of 235,000 inventions were registered. At first, the South was resistant against this new generation of inventions and industrialized cities. Ultimately, the South would fall under the new ways of the North. From 1880 to 1900, the amount of cotton mills increased dramatically; 161 to 400 in less than decade. As the need for workers rose, so did the amount of cotton. The amount of cotton increased by eightfold while the amount of workers increased by fivefold.All of these increas es resulted in the creations of new inventions. As production increased, so did the need for labor. But as labor increased, so did changes in working conditions, labor itself, and Unions were created on behalf of all of the workers. Even though all of these inventions prospered America, working conditions in the factories that were producing goods such as steel, cotton fabric, and other goods were bad and harmful for the workers. The life of a 19th-century American industrial worker was far from easy. Even in decent times, wages were low, hours were long, and working conditions hazardous.Little of the wealth which the growth of the nation had produced went to its workers. The situation was worse for women and children, who made up a high percentage of the work force in some industries and often received but a fraction of the wages a man could earn. Periodic economic crises swept the nation, further eroding industrial wages and producing high levels of unemployment. At the same time, the technological improvements, which added so much to the nation's productivity, continually reduced the demand for skilled labor.Yet the unskilled labor pool was constantly growing, as record numbers of immigrants, 18 million between 1880 and 1910, entered the country, looking for work. Before 1874, when Massachusetts passed the nation's first legislation limiting the number of hours women and children factory workers could perform to 10 hours a day, there was literally no labor legislation that existed in the country. It was not until the 1930s that the federal government would become actively involved. Until then, it was left to the state and local authorities, few of whom were as responsive to the workers as they were to wealthy industrialists.The laissez-faire capitalism, which dominated the second half of the 19th century and fostered huge concentrations of wealth and power, was backed by a judiciary which time and again ruled against those who challenged the system. For mil lions, living and working conditions were poor, and the hope of escaping from a lifetime of poverty was slight to none. As late as 1900, the United States had the highest job-related death rate of any industrialized nation in the world. Most industrial workers still worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life.The situation was only worse for children, whose numbers in the work force doubled between 1870 and 1900. On top of working in harsh conditions, workers had to face low wages and long hours that consisted of a 60 hour week load. These conditions were outrageous and then eventually led to the forming of unions. The first major effort to organize workers' groups on a nationwide basis appeared with The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in 1869. Originally a secret, ritualistic society organized by Philadelphia garment workers, it was open to all workers, including blacks, women a nd farmers.The Knights grew slowly until they succeeded in facing down the great railroad baron, Jay Gould, in an 1885 strike. Within a year they added 500,000 workers to their rolls. The Knights of Labor soon fell into decline, and their place in the labor movement was steadily taken by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Rather than open its membership to all, the AFL, under former cigar union official Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers. His objectives were straight-forward and simple: increase wages, reduce hours and improve working conditions.Per se, Gompers helped turn the labor movement away from the socialist views earlier labor leaders had supported. Due to the capital not granting their goals, riots started to break out. A certain riot known as the Great Rail Strike of 1877 was taken place because of 10 percent cut in wages. This started a line of riots that spurted throughout the country. Finally, after many riots and negotiating with the bosses at the factorie s, conditions in factories were better and hours were decreased and wages were increased.Child labor laws were forced upon everyone, while women were given the chance to have equal opportunities and equal wages as men. All of these effects of the Industrial Revolution played a vital role in forming what is now known as America today. The Industrial Revolution led America in a way that forever changed it. It was one of the most historic events to ever happen in American history. Due to new inventions and ideas, America was led into an Industrial Revolution. With the Industrial Revolution came more jobs and Unions to protect the people in the factories from harsh working conditions, long hours, and small wages. .

Ionic Reactions Lab Essays

Ionic Reactions Lab Essays Ionic Reactions Lab Paper Ionic Reactions Lab Paper Ocean County College Department of Chemistry Chem 180 Lab 5: Ionic Reactions Submitted by Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to work with aqueous solutions of ionic substances. Aqueous solutions are those solutions in which water is the solvent. When ionic substances are dissolved in water, the ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. The focus of this experiment is on precipitates. The goal of this experiment is to study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and to write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions. A detailed view of the results can be found in the table below. Cations used: Barium, Copper, Iron, Sodium, Cobalt, Nickel Anions used: Nitrate, Carbonate, Chloride, Hydroxide, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Iodide, Phosphate Questions A Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. B Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, I feel like my results were comparable to the rules on the table in the chemistry text. C Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most salts of carbonate: CO 2-, phosphate: PO 3-, oxalate: C2O4 2-, chromate, CrO4 2-, sulfide: S 2-, and most metal hydroxides and oxides. Exceptions include alkali metal hydroxides and Ba(OH)2. D Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? See solubility table/rules below Salts of nitrate: NO3-, chlorate: ClO3-, perchlorate: ClO4-, acetate: CH3CO2-, almost all salts of Cl-, Br-, I-, Salts of sulfate: SO4 2-. E Which cations generally do not form precipitates? Cations of group 1 and 2 have few insoluble salts, so they do not form precipitate. F Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. 1) Well D3 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ( Co(OH)2 (s) 3) Well C5 Balanced: Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 2+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 3 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( FeCO3 (s) ) Well E5 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2HCO3 (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Ni(HCO3)2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ( Na(HCO3)2 (s) 5) Well D7 Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( Ba(OH)2 (s) 6) Well B2 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NaI (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + I- (aq) ( CuI (s) 7) Well B6 Balanced: Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Cu 2+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( CuCO3 (s) 8) Well A1 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + Na3(NO3)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( CoPO4 (s) 9) Well C1 Balanced: Fe(NO3)2 (aq)+ Na3PO4 (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + Na(NO3)2 (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 3 Na+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) + 3 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Fe 3+ (aq) + PO4 3- (aq) ( FePO4 (s) 10) Well E6 Balanced: Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ni 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + CO3 2- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ni 2+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) ( NiCO3 (s) Experimental Results: Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 |Co(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK | |Light Precipitate |Precipitate Pink |Precipitate | | | | |NK |Pink | |Dark Green | |Precipitate | | | | | | | |Purple | | | | | | | |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 |Cu(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Precipitate Yellow |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitat e Green |Precipitate | |Precipitate Green | | | |Green | |Blue | |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 |Fe(NO3)3 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |Gold |NK |NK |Yellow |Precipitate Yellow |Precipitate | |Precipitate Yellow | | | | | |Yellow | |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 |Ba(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |Precipitate White |NK |Light Precipitate |Precipitate White |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate White | | | |White | | | |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 |Ni(NO3)2 | |+ |+ NaI |+ Na2SO4 |+ NaCl |+NaHCO3 |+Na2CO3 |+NaOH | |Na3PO4 |NK |NK |NK |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate |Light Precipitate | |Precipitate Tan | | | |Grey |Tan |Tan |

Specific Learning Disabilities in the Classroom

Specific Learning Disabilities in the Classroom Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs) is the largest and fastest growing disability category in public schools. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA) defines SLDs: The term specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. In other words, children with specific learning disabilities have trouble speaking, writing, spelling, reading and doing math. Types of SLDs Specific Learning Disabilities can include perceptual disabilities and Specific Learning Disabilities my significantly impair a childs ability to succeed in school, but not limit a child so much that he or she cant successfully participate in the general education curriculum with support. Inclusion and SLDs The practice of placing children with learning disabilities in classrooms with normal or, as special educators prefer it, typically developing children is called inclusion. The best place for a child with Specific Learning Disabilities is an inclusive classroom. This way he or she will get the special support they need without leaving the classroom. According to IDEA, the general education classroom is the default position. Before the re-authorization of IDEA of 2004, there was a discrepancy rule, which required a significant discrepancy between a childs intellectual ability (measured by IQ) and their academic functioning (measured by standardized Achievement Tests). A child reading below grade level who did not score well on an IQ test might have been denied special education services. That is no longer true. Challenges That Children With SLDs Present Understanding the nature of specific deficits can help a special educator design instructional strategies to help the disabled learner overcome difficulties. Some common problems include: Difficulty discriminating visual information, which can include dyslexia.Difficulty processing visual or auditory information.Difficulty organizing information visually or sequentially.Difficulty understanding the relationship between symbols and auditory or numerical ideas. SLD Children Benefit From Structured small group instructionDirect Instruction, often using repetitive and highly structured programs for reading and math.Repetitive practice at the students level of success.Support called Specially Designed Instruction (SDIs) which can include everything from small group instruction to frequent stretch breaks. Buyer Beware Some publishers or helping professionals offer programs or materials which they claim will help a child with Specific Learning Disabilities overcome their difficulties. Often referred to as Pseudo-Science these programs often depend on research that the publisher or practitioner has dummied up or anecdotal information, not real, reproducible research.

Risk & Security Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk & Security Management - Essay Example Today, researchers are plagued by the difficulty to define emergency, disaster, and crisis and, more importantly, by the difficulty in distinguishing these definitions and concepts from one another. Modern literature generally defines emergency as â€Å"actual or threatened accidental or uncontrollable events that are concentrated in time and space, in which a society, or a relatively self-sufficient subdivision of a society undergoes severe danger, and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfillment of all or some of the essential functions of the society, or its subdivision is prevented† (Fischer 1998). In other words, an emergency situation is always about accidental or the risk of accidental events that are both uncontrollable and are concentrated in time in space. Emergency is anything that involves or causes the inevitable disruption of the critical social or organizational functions: for example, th e breach of the computer system is naturally followed by the organization’s inability to process its customer information effectively (Moore & Lakha 2006). Objectively, the discussed definition of emergency implies that before security and risk managers can call the situation â€Å"a disaster†, the major social and organizational functions must be severely disrupted (Culp 2002, Roper 1999). In this sense, it would be correct to assume that emergency is the starting point and is the first stage of crisis development which, if not prevented and addressed, will readily transform into what managers call ‘a disaster’.